Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
There are now more than twenty disorders recognized as being transmitted primarily by
sexual means. The more familiar STD's are AIDS, gonorhea, syphilis, chlamydia-related
infections, genital herpes, candidiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, trichomoniasis,
pediculosis, scabies, and urinary tract infections.
GONORRHEA
One of the most frequently encountered communicable diseases in the U.S.
It is caused by the bacterium Neisseria Gonorrihoeae, which is common all over the world
today and can only thrive in human beings. There is no way to acquire immunity to this
disease. Anyone who is sexually active is susceptible to gonorrhea.
This disease is transmitted by the way of direct contact with the secretions of mucos
membranes such as those of the urethra, cervix, vagina, anus, eyes and throat.
The contact involved in transmitting gonorrhea is almost always sexual in nature. It is
possible that contaminated fingers can transfer infection from one region of the body to
another, however, this is highly unlikely because the bacteria dies rapidly when
demed the warmth and moisture of mucous membranes.
Symtoms of infection usually appear within two to ten days after exposure but might
take up to thirty days.
In males, gonorhea usually strikes first at the urethra, the tube that extends from the
bladder to the tip of the penis. A burning sensation during urination may be experienced
due to the irritation of the urethra's mucosal lining. Many males may also notice and
abnormal discharge from the penis. The penis itself may be red or swollen at
the tip. Urination may become more frequent or difficult. Occasionally, no symptoms are
evident immediately.
In females, gonorrhea seems to strike selectively at the cervix (the entrance of the
uterus, but it also can appear elsewhere. As many as 80% of the females with gonorhea
have no immediate signs or symptoms. One symptom in women is a foul smelling vaginal
discharge. Since vaginal discharges are not uncommon, women should be alert to any change
in the color, odor, or other appearance of discharges. If gonorrhea has
affected the urethra, a women may experience a burning sensation upon urination.
Gonorrhea can also infect the anal region, the oral cavity, and the eyes.
The period of communicability for gonorrhea is uncertain but probaly lasts as long as
discharge continues, anywhere from three to six months.
Precise diagnosis of gonorrhea requires cuttures of discharge specimens. Under most
circumstances gonorrhea is easily treated. It is now clear however, that larger and
larger doses of penicillin may be necessary to kill some resistant strains.
Untreated gonorrhea may result in irreversible complications. Infertlity and
sterility can develop in males and females. Gonococcal arthritis in major joints and a
generalized infection that irreversibily damages the brain, heart, liver and other key
organs can be produced in either sex.
The most reliable form of protection is the use of condoms during sexual episodes. The
sexually active individual should also be selective about sexual partners and stay alert
to obvious signs and symptoms of disease.
Gonorrhea is known by such street names as "clap","drip","dose","strain",
"gleet", and "jack".
SYPHILIS
Syphilis is perhaps the best known of all the STD's. Once confined to certain parts of
the world, syphilis now occurs universally. Treponema Pallidum is it's
causative agent. It belongs to a group of organisms that resemble bacteria. Humans
provide the only known host for T. Pallidum. There is no vaceine or other acquired
immunity for syphilis. Only about 30% of the people exposed result in infections.
Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact with infection sores, called chancres,
syphitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on the tongue and mouth during kissing, necking,
petting, or sexual intercourse. It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to a
fetus after the fourth month of pregnancy.
The incabation period for syphilis is from ten to ninety days with twenty on days being
the average. The diagnostic blood test for this STD is likely to be negative during the
incubation period.
Syphilis goes through several stages. In its primary stage, it is characterized by the
appearance of a chancre at the first site of infection. A chancre resmembles a blister,
pimple, or raised open sore. It is infectious and contains a large number of spiral
bacteria
(spirochetes). Chancres are often painless and may be hidden in the mouth, throat,
vagina,
cervix, or anus, making detection difficult. Chancres tend to heal themselves in two to
six weeks but leave behind thousands of infectious spirochetes. Primary syphilis may be
accompanied by swollen glands near the site of primary infection.
Once the chancre dissappears the secondary stage begins. Secondary symptoms can occur
from six weeks to six months after the primary infection "disappears". New symptoms
usually include the presence of a rash or raised leisions anywhere on the skin. The rash
is not painful or itchy, but is infectious. Patches of white in the mouth, nose, or
rectum may appear. These mucous patches can also transmit disease. Additional symptoms at
this stage may include patchy hair loss, mild fever and body aches, swollen glands and
flulike symptoms. Secondary symptoms disappear in two to six weeks but may recur for up
to two years
If still untreated, syphilis enters what is called the latent stage. At this point,
symptoms are absent and the person is probaly no longer infectious to others. (The
exception is the pregnant woman who is still able to transmit the disease to the unborn
child.) The length of the latent stage is variable but can last at least five years and
perhaps as many as twenty years or more. Some cases of syphilis remain dormant for an
indefinite length of time. Others evolve into the final stage of symptoms.
Tertiary or late-stage syphilis usually occurs between five and twenty years following
initial infection. This condition leads to permanent disabilities and even death.
Neurosiphilis, in which the brain and the spinal cord are affected, produce paralysis,
insanity and blindness. Cardiovadcular syphilis includes major damage to the heart and
the aorta, possibly resulting in death. Late begin syphilis is characterized by the
appearance of large destructive lesions virtually at any internal or external site.
The period of contagiousness for syphilis is variable. It is clearly infectious in its
primary and secondary stages. Active bacteria are wipred out in twenty four to forty
eight hours by adequete treatment with penicilline. Infected individuals must be
followed
closely after treatment and repeated blood test must be performed to assure the complete
absence of the disease.
People hoping to avoid syphilis must avoid contact with syphilitic lesions. The use of
a condom sharing during sexual intercourse can assist in this, but a condom will not
protect other exposed surfaces.
Syphilis has been nicknamed "syphpox" or "bad blood".
CHLAMYDIA-RELATED INFECTIONS
Chlamydia trachomatis may be the most common STD in the U.S today.
This organism, an intracellular parasite, is resposbile for more thatn one disease
condition
nonspecific urethritis (NSU), or nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), and lymphogranuloma
venereum (LGV) are among these conditions.
NSU involves an inflamation of the urethra. If symptoms are present they may resemble
those of gonorrhea. Chlamydia currently accounts for approximately 50% of
NSU cases. Transmission of NSU, however is probable during sexual intercourse, and
transfer from mother to infant at birth is also possible.
To tell the difference between NSU and gonorrhea, cultures of smears or discharged must
be examined in a laboratory. The treatment for NSU is telracycline. Both
partners should be treated in order to avoid the so-called "Ping-Pong" effect. The most
severe complication of NSU in females is PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) This condition
often leads to infertility. NSDU can be controlled by using condoms during sexual
intercourse, washing the genitals with soap and water before and after intercourse, and
contacting sex partners when infection presents itself.
C. Trachomatis is also responsible for the STD called (LGV). Symptoms
include sores in the genital area that resemble pimples. It is most commonly seen among
gay men and persons having multiple sex partners. Transmission occurs through direct
contact with lesions, usually during sexual intercourse. Complications from LGV area
rare, though inflamation of the urethra, cervix, and rectum are possible Tetracycline
provides reliable thereapy for this STD.
GENITAL HERPES
Genital herpes is rapidly gaining attention as an STD. Once reason is that thousands of
new cases are being identified each year. Another reason is a lack of any known cure.
Herpes simplix virus type 2, because it is viral, makes antibiotic drugs useless in
treating the symptoms and eliminating infection frmo the body. In most cases, the herpes
sores blisters and crusty form on the genitals and heal and disappear on their own in a
few days or weeks. The virus itself, however, stays in a dormant stage: the absence of
symptoms does not necessarily mean the absence of active virus. Herpes may flair up from
time to time, causing the sores to reappear. These sores are usually visible and painful
in both sexes; however, signs of herpes in women can be internal and painless. It is
possible for women to be unaware of the virus's presence.
It is not well understood what triggers recurrences of herpes. Towered resistance,
other infections, chafing or irritation of the affected area, emotional upset, and even
certain foods are implicated to some extent.
Of a few sensible points are observed, life can continue to be full and enjoyable.
Herpes victims are advised to be especially conecientious about controlling stress factos
that may aggravate the dormant HSV-2 organism. It is advised that a condom be used during
intercourse to provide protection for the uninfected partner. The person who follows a
well-balanced fitness routine should experience minimal life disruptions resulting from
herpes.
Women who have herpes need to take a few extra precautions. There is an association
between HSV-2 infection and the development of cervical cancer. A woman with herpes may
be advised to have pap tests more frequently and watch for any unusual vaginal bleeding.
Because of the danger of infecting the newborn infant, women who know they have herpes
should share that information with their doctor.
There is no cure for genital herpes at this time. Some relief of symptoms is
available using topical ointments.
CANDIDIASIS (MONILIA)
Candidiasis also known as monilia is a common yeast infection caused by Candida also
known as monilia is a common yeast infection caused by Canidida albicans.
Candidiasis frequently may be acquired by other than sexual means. It is a normal part of
the human flora. Many predisposing factors can cause an outbreak of the yeast organisms:
Acute infections are accompanied by intense itching at the infected site, along with
redness and perhaps swelling. In women, Candidus may also produce vaginal discharges of a
white, curdlike quality.
The principal complication is recurrence, resulting when the infection is passed back
and forth between partners. Consequently, when flare-ups occur, both partners are often
treated. The most common and reliable treatment is topical application of nystatin for
both partners.
Acute episodes of candidiasis can generally be avoided or minimized by using condoms
during intercourse, wearing clothes that are not tight fitting, and keeping the genital
area dry.
NONSPECIFIC VAGINITUS
Nonspecific Vaginitis (NSV) is thought to be caused by the bacterium Gordnerella
Vaginalis whenever other organisms cannot be identified in NSV. Symptoms of NSV are
almost always restricted to females, though a male may experience itchy, burning symptoms
of disease in his penis, similar to the vaginal symtoms that females report.
Symptoms in the female include a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, and
burning, upon urination, however the complete absence of symptoms is not uncommon
treatment is accomplished with oral metronadozole, and transfer is prevented by the use
of condoms.
TRICHOMONIASIS
Trichomoniasis is caused by the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan, which
may exist without symptoms in the vaginal flora of 50 percent of the
females in the U.S between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five. Susceptibility is
general, though clinical disease is usually restricted to females.
Though the organisms can be acquired during sexual intercourse, they may also be picked
up by non-sexual means from freshly soiled bedclothes, towels and other items.
Symptoms of females with trichomoniasis may include a foul-smelling discharge,
localized itching redness and burning during urination. Males seldom experience any
demonstrable symptoms. Treatment is oral metronidazole, usually given to both partners
since "trich" is another of the "ping-pong" STD's
PEDICULOSIS AND SCABIES
Pediculosis and scabies are two disorders labeled infestations than infections. Both
are caused by parasites, pediculosis by the crab louse and scabies by the
itch mites. These organisms may be found anywhere on the body but show a preference for
pubic hair. They lay their eggs at the base of the hiar, just underneath the skin. Crabs
and mites can produce an agonizing itch after their eggs hatch. Transfer of these
organisms can occur from person to person in a variety of ways. Direct body contact,
particularly during physical intimacy, is a common mode. Contact with personal items can
also facilitate transfer.
Complications are rare though secondary infections can result from breaks in the skin
due to intense itching and irritation. Treatment is provided by application of medicated
shampoos. Good personal hygiene and careful laundering of clothes and bedding prevent
reinfestation.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur with pathogenic organisms enter the urethra and
migrate to the bladder. Ordinarily they are confined to the host but they can be sexually
transmitted. Bacteria and other organisms may produce UTI. Women, perhaps because of
their shorter urethras, are much more susceptible to UTIs than men. Pechthogens can
sometimes be "flushed" from the system by having the individual drink large quantities of
water. Rersistent symptoms of UTI should be treated by a physician.
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