The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey into Insanity
In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
the dominant/submissive relationship between an oppressive
husband and his submissive wife pushes her from depression
into insanity.
Flawed human nature seems to play a great role in her
breakdown. Her husband, a noted physician, is unwilling to
admit that there might really be something wrong with his
wife. This same attitude is seen in her brother, who is also
a physician. While this attitude, and the actions taken
because of it, certainly contributed to her breakdown; it
seems to me that there is a rebellious spirit in her.
Perhaps unconsciously she seems determined to prove them
wrong.
As the story begins, the woman -- whose name we never
learn -- tells of her depression and how it is dismissed by
her husband and brother. "You see, he does not believe I am
sick! And what can one do? If a physician of high standing, and one's own
husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one
but temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical
tendency -- what is one to do?" (Gilman 193). These two men -- both doctors -- seem
completely unable to admit that there might be more to her condition than than just
stress and a slight nervous condition. Even when a summer in the country and
weeks of bed-rest don't help, her husband refuses to accept that she may have a real
problem.
Throughout the story there are examples of the dominant - submissive
relationship. She is virtually imprisoned in her bedroom, supposedly to allow her to
rest and recover her health. She is forbidden to work, "So I . . . am absolutely
forbidden to "work" until I am well again." (Gilman 193).
She is not even supposed to write: "There comes John, and I must put this away
-- he hates to have me write a word." Gilman 194). She has no say in the location or
decor of the room she is virtually imprisoned in: "I don't like our room a bit. I wanted
. . . But John would not hear of it." (Gilman 193).
She can't have visitors: "It is so discouraging not to have any advice and companionship
about my work. . . but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to
let me have those stimulating people about now." (Gilman 196).
Probably in large part because of her oppression, she continues to decline. "I don't
feel as if it was worthwhile to turn my hand over for anything. . ." (Gilman 197). It
seems that her husband is oblivious to her declining conditon, since he never
admits she has a real problem until the end of the story -- at which time he fainted.
John could have obtained council from someone less personally involved in her case, but
the only help he seeks was for the house and baby. He obtains a nanny to watch over the
children while he was away at work each day: "It is fortunate Mary is so good with the
baby." (Gilman 195).
And he had his sister Jennie take care of the house. "She is a perfect and enthusiastic
housekeeper." (Gilman 196).
He does talk of taking her to an expert: "John says if I don't pick up faster he shall
send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall." But she took that as a threat since he was even
more domineering than her husband and brother.
Not only does he fail to get her help, but by keeping her virtually a prisoner in a room
with nauseating wallpaper and very little to occupy her mind, let alone offer any kind of
mental stimulation, he almost forces her to dwell on her
problem. Prison is supposed to be depressing, and she is pretty close to being a
prisoner.
Perhaps if she had been allowed to come and go and do as she pleased her depression might
have lifted: "I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it
would relieve the press of ideas and rest me." (Gilman 195). It seems that just being
able to tell someone how she really felt would have eased her depression, but John won't
hear of it. The lack of an outlet caused the depression to worsen: ". . . I must say
what I feel and think in some way -- it is such a relief! But the effort is getting to
be greater than the relief." (Gilman 198).
Meanwhile her reaction is to seek to prove him wrong. "John is a physician, and perhaps .
. . perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster. You see he does not believe I
am sick! And what can one do?" (Gilman 193). It seems to me that while putting on an
appearance of submission she was frequently rebelling against her husband's orders. She
writes when there is nobody around to see her, she tries to move her bed, but always
keeps an eye open for someone comming. This is obvious throughout the story. It also
seems to me that, probably because of his oppressive behaviour, she wants to drive her
husband away. "John is away all day, and even some nights when his cases are serious. I
am glad my case is not serious!" (Gilman 195). As her breakdown approaches she actually
locks him out of her room: "I have locked the door and thrown the key down into
the front path. I don't want to go out, and I don't want to have anybody come in, till
John comes. I want to astonish him." (Gilman 203). I see no reason for this other than
to force him to see that he was wrong, and, since she knew he couldn't tolerate hysteria,
to drive him away.
Works Cited
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." 1892.
The New England Magazine. Reprinted in "Lives &
Moments - An Introduction to Short Fiction" by Hans
Ostrom. Hold, Orlando, FL 1991.
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