The Office of Today
In an increasing number of companies, traditional office space is giving way to
community areas and empty chairs as employees work from home, from their cars or from
virtually anywhere. Advanced technologies and progressive HR strategies make these
alternative offices possible.
Imagine it's 2 o'clock on a Wednesday afternoon. Inside the dining room of many
nationwide offices, Joe Smith, manager of HR, is downing a sandwich and soda while wading
through phone and E-mail messages. In front of him is a computer-equipped with a
fax-modem-is plugged into a special port on the dining table. The contents of his
briefcase are spread on the table. As he sifts through a stack of paperwork and types
responses into the computer, he periodically picks up a cordless phone and places a call
to a colleague or associate. As he talks, he sometimes wanders across the room.
To be sure, this isn't your ordinary corporate environment. Smith doesn't have a
permanent desk or workspace, nor his own telephone. When he enters the ad agency's
building, he checks out a portable Macintosh computer and a cordless phone and heads off
to whatever nook or cranny he chooses. It might be the company library, or a common area
under a bright window. It could even be the dining room or Student Union, which houses
punching bags, televisions and a pool table. Wherever he goes, a network forwards mail
and phone pages to him and a computer routes calls, faxes and E-mail messages to his
assigned extension. He simply logs onto the firm's computer system and accesses his
security-protected files.
He is not tethered to a specific work area nor forced to function in any predefined way.
Joe Smith spends mornings, and even sometimes an entire day, connected from home via
sophisticated voicemail and E-mail systems, as well as a pager. His work is process and
task-oriented. As long as he gets everything done, that's what counts. Ultimately, his
productivity is greater and his job-satisfaction level is higher. And for somebody trying
to get in touch with him, it's easy. Nobody can tell that Joe might be in his car or
sitting at home reading a stack of resumes in his pajamas. The call gets forwarded to him
wherever he's working.
You've just entered the vast frontier of the virtual office-a universe in which
leading-edge technology and new concepts redefine work and job functions by enabling
employees to work from virtually anywhere. The concept allows a growing number of
companies to change their workplaces in ways never considered just a few years ago.
They're scrapping assigned desks and conventional office space to create a bold new world
where employees telecommute, function on a mobile basis or use satellite offices or
communal work areas that are free of assigned spaces with personal nick nacks.
IBM, AT&T, Travelers Corporation, Pacific Bell, Panasonic, Apple Computer and J.C.
Penney are among the firms recognizing the virtual-office concept. But they're just a
few. The percentage of U.S. companies that have work-at-home programs alone has more than
doubled in the past five years, from 7% in 1988 to 18% today. In fact, New York-based
Link Resources, which tracks telecommuting and virtual-office trends, has found that 7.6
million Americans now telecommute-a figure that's expected to swell to 25 million by the
year 2000. And if you add mobile workers-those who use their cars, client offices, hotels
and satellite work areas to get the job done-there's an estimated 1 million more virtual
workers.
Both companies and employees are discovering the benefits of virtual arrangements.
Businesses that successfully incorporate them are able to slash real-estate costs and
adhere to stringent air-quality regulations by curtailing traffic and commuters. They're
also finding that by being flexible, they're more responsive to customers, while
retaining key personnel who otherwise might be lost to a cross-country move or a newborn
baby. And employees who successfully embrace the concept are better able to manage their
work and personal lives. Left for the most part to work on their own terms, they're often
happier, as well as more creative and productive.
Of course, the basic idea of working away from the office is nothing new. But today,
high-speed notebook computers, lightning-fast data modems, telephone lines that provide
advanced data-transmission capabilities, portable printers and wireless communication are
starting a quiet revolution. As a society, we're transforming the way we work and what's
possible. It's creating tremendous opportunities, but it also is generating a great deal
of stress and difficulty. There are tremendous organizational changes required to make it
work. As markets have changed-as companies have downsized, streamlined and
restructured-many have been forced to explore new ways to support the work effort. The
virtual office, or alternative office, is one of the most effective strategies for
dealing with these changes.
Of course, the effect of alternative officing on the HR function is great. HR must
change the way it hires, evaluates employees and terminates them. It must train an
existing work force to fit into a new corporate model. There are issues involving
benefits, compensation and liability. And, perhaps most importantly, there's the enormous
challenge of holding the corporate culture together-even if employees no longer spend
time socializing over the watercooler or in face-to-face meetings. When a company makes
a commitment to adopt a virtual-office environment-whether it's shared work-space or
basic telecommuting-it takes time for people to acclimate and adjust. If HR can't meet
the challenge, and employees don't buy in, then the program is destined to fail.
Virtual offices break down traditional office walls. Step inside one and you quickly
see how different an environment the concept has created. Gone are the cubicles in which
employees used to work. In their place are informal work carrels and open areas where any
employee-whether it's the CEO or an administrative assistant-can set up shop. Teams may
assemble and disperse at any given spot, and meetings and conferences happen informally
wherever it's convenient. Only a handful of maintenance workers, phone operators and
food-services personnel, whose flexibility is limited by their particular jobs, retain
any appearance of a private workspace.
Equally significant is the fact that on any given hour of any day, as many as one-third
of the salaried work force aren't in the office. Some are likely working at a client's
site, others at home or in a hotel room on the road. The feeling is that the employees of
Virtual Offices are self-starters. The work environment is designed around the concept
that one's best thinking isn't necessarily done at a desk or in an office. Sometimes,
it's done in a conference room with several people. Other times it's done on a ski slope
or driving to a client's office. Fonders of the concept wanted to eliminate the
boundaries about where people are supposed to think. They wanted to create an environment
that was stimulating and rich in resources. Employees decide on their own where they
will work each day, and are judged on work produced rather than on hours put in at the
office.
One company that has jumped headfirst into the virtual-office concept is Armonk, New
York-based International Business Machine's Midwest division. The regional business
launched a virtual-office work model in the spring of 1993 and expects 2,500 of its 4,000
employees-salaried staff from sales, marketing, technical and customer service, including
managers-to be mobile by the beginning of 1995. Its road workers, equipped with IBM Think
Pad computers, fax-modems, E-mail, cellular phones and a combination of proprietary and
off-the-shelf software, use their cars, client offices and homes as work stations. When
they do need to come into an office-usually once or twice a week-they log onto a computer
that automatically routes calls and faxes to the desk at which they choose to sit.
So far, the program has allowed Big Blue's Midwest division to reduce real-estate space
by nearly 55%, while increasing the ratio of employees to workstations from 4-to-1 to
almost 10-to-1. More importantly, it has allowed the company to harness technology that
allows employees to better serve customers and has raised the job-satisfaction level of
workers. A recent survey indicated that 83% of the region's mobile work force wouldn't
want to return to a traditional office environment.
IBM maintains links with the mobile work force in a variety of ways. All employees
access their E-mail and voicemail daily; important messages and policy updates are
broadcast regularly into the mailboxes of thousands of workers. When the need for
teleconferencing arises, it can put hundreds of employees on the line simultaneously.
Typically, the organization's mobile workers link from cars, home offices, hotels, even
airplanes.
Virtual workers are only a phone call away. To be certain, telephony has become a
powerful driver in the virtual-office boom. Satellites and high-tech telephone systems,
such as ISDN phone lines, allow companies to zap data from one location to another at
light speed. Organizations link to their work force and hold virtual meetings using tools
such as video-conferencing. Firms grab a strategic edge in the marketplace by providing
workers with powerful tools to access information.
Consider Gemini Consulting, a Morristown, New Jersey-based firm that has 1,600 employees
spread throughout the United States and beyond. A sophisticated E-mail system allows
employees anywhere to access a central bulletin board and data base via a toll-free phone
number. Using Macintosh Powerbook computers and modems, they tap into electronic versions
of The Associated Press, Reuters and The Wall Street Journal, and obtain late-breaking
news and information on clients, key subjects, even executives within client companies.
And that's just the beginning. Many of the firm's consultants have Internet addresses,
and HR soon will begin training its officeless work force via CD-ROM. It will mail disks
to workers, who will learn on their own schedule using machines the firm provides. The
bottom line of this technology? Gemini can eliminate the high cost of flying consultants
into a central location for training.
Today, the technology exists to break the chains of traditional thought and the typical
way of doing things. It's possible to process information and knowledge in dramatically
different ways than in the past. That can mean that instead of one individual or a group
handling a project from start to finish, teams can process bits and pieces. They can
assemble and disassemble quickly and efficiently.
Some companies, such as San Francisco-based Pacific Bell, have discovered that providing
telecommuters with satellite offices can further facilitate efficiency. The
telecommunications giant currently has nearly 2,000 managers splitting time between home
and any of the company's offices spread throughout California. Those who travel regularly
or prefer not to work at home also can drop into dozens of satellite facilities that each
are equipped with a handful of workstations. At these centers, they can access exclusive
data bases, check E-mail and make phone calls.
Other firms have pushed the telecommuting concept even further. One of them is Great
Plains Software, a Fargo, North Dakota-based company that produces and markets PC-based
accounting programs. Despite its remote location, the company retains top talent by being
flexible and innovative. Some of its high-level managers live and work in such places as
Montana and New Jersey. Even its local employees may work at home a few days a week.
Lynne Stockstad's situation at Great Plains demonstrates how a program that allows for
flexible work sites can benefit both employer and worker. The competitive-research
specialist had spent two years at Great Plains when her husband decided to attend
chiropractic college in Davenport, Iowa. At most firms, that would have prompted
Stockstad to resign-something that also would have cost the company an essential
employee. Instead, Stockstad and Great Plains devised a system that would allow her to
telecommute from Iowa and come to Fargo only for meetings when absolutely necessary.
Using phone, E-mail, voicemail and fax, she and her work team soon found they were able
to link together, and complete work just as efficiently as before. Today, with her
husband a recent graduate, Stockstad has moved back to Fargo and has received a
promotion.
Great Plains uses similar technology in other innovative ways to build a competitive
advantage. For example, it has developed a virtual hiring process. Managers who are
spread across the country conduct independent interviews with candidates, and then feed
their responses into the company's computer. Later, the hiring team holds a meeting,
usually via phone or videoconferencing, to render a verdict. Only then does the firm fly
the candidate to Fargo for the final interview.
HR must lay the foundation to support a mobile work force. Just as a cafeteria offers a
variety of foods to suit individual taste and preferences, the workplace of the future is
evolving toward a model for which alternative work options likely will become the norm.
One person may find that telecommuting four days a week is great; another may find that
he or she functions better in the office. The common denominator for the organization is:
How can we create an environment in which people are able to produce to their maximum
capabilities?
Creating such a model and making it work is no easy task, however. Such a shift in
resources requires a fundamental change in thinking. And it usually falls squarely on
HR's shoulders to oversee the program and hold the organization together during trying
times. When a company decides to participate in an alternative officing program, people
need to adapt and adjust to the new manners. Workers are used to doing things a certain
way. Suddenly, their world is being turned upside down.
One of the biggest problems is laying the foundation to support such a system. Often,
it's necessary to tweak benefits and compensation, create new job descriptions and
methods of evaluation and find innovative ways to communicate. Sometimes, because
companies are liable for their workers while they're "on the clock," HR must send
inspectors to home offices to ensure they're safe.
When Great Plains Software started its telecommuting program in the late 1980s, it
established loose guidelines for employees who wanted to be involved in the program. they
pretty much implemented policies on an unscientific basis. Over time, the company has
evolved to a far more stringent system of determining who qualifies and how the job is
defined.
For example, as with most other companies that embrace the virtual-office concept, Great
Plains stipulates that only salaried employees can work in virtual offices because of the
lack of a structured time schedule and the potential for working more than eight hours a
day. Those employees who want to telecommute must first express how the decision will
benefit the company, the department and themselves. Only those who can convince a hiring
manager that they meet all three criteria move on to the next stage.
Potential telecommuters then must define how they'll be accountable and responsible in
the new working model.
Finally, once performance standards and guidelines have been created, Great Plains
presents two disclaimers to those going virtual. If their performance falls below certain
predetermined standards, management will review the situation to determine whether it's
working. And if the position changes significantly and it no longer makes sense to
telecommute, management will have to reevaluate.
Other companies have adopted similar checks and balances. They are training HR advisers
to make accommodations for the individual, but to not make accommodations for the
person's job responsibilities.
IBM provides counseling from behavioral scientists and offers ongoing assistance to
those having trouble adapting to the new work model. By closely monitoring preestablished
sales and productivity benchmarks, managers quickly can determine if there's a problem.
So far, only approximately 10% to 15% of its mobile work force has required counseling,
and only a handful of employees have had to be reassigned.
Virtual workers need guidance from HR. Not everyone is suited to working in a
virtual-office environment. Not only must workers who go mobile or work at home learn to
use the technology effectively, but they also must adjust their workstyle and lifestyle.
The more you get connected, the harder it is to disconnect. At some point, the boundaries
between work and personal life blur. Without a good deal of discipline, the situation can
create a lot of stress.
Managers often fear that employees will not get enough work done if they can't see them.
Most veterans of the virtual office, however, maintain that the exact opposite is true.
All too often, employees wind up fielding phone calls in the evening or stacking an extra
hour or two on top of an eight-hour day. Not surprisingly, that can create an array of
problems, including burnout, errors and marital conflict.
IBM learned early on that it has to teach employees to remain in control of the
technology and not let it overrun their lives. One of the ways it achieves the goal is to
provide its mobile work force with two-line telephones. That way, employees can recognize
calls from work, switch the ringer off at the end of the workday and let the voicemail
system pick up calls.
Another potential problem with which virtual employees must deal is handling all the
distractions that can occur at home. As a result, many firms provide workers with
specific guidelines for handling work at home. It is expected that those who work at home
will arrange child care or elder care. And although management recognizes there are
times when a babysitter falls through or a problem occurs, if someone's surrounded by
noisy children, it creates an impression that the individual isn't working or is
distracted.
Still, most say that problems aren't common. The majority of workers adjust and become
highly productive in an alternative office environment. The most important thing for a
company to do is lay out guidelines and suggestions that help workers adapt.
At many firms, including IBM, HR now is providing booklets that cover a range of topics,
including time management and family issues. Many companies also send out regular
mailings that not only provide tips and work strategies but also keep employees informed
of company events and keep them ingrained in the corporate culture.
This type of correspondence also helps alleviate workers' fears of isolation. IBM goes
one step further by providing voluntary outings, such as to the Indianapolis 500, for its
mobile work force. Even without these events, virtual workers' isolation fears often are
unproven. The level of interaction in a virtual office actually can be heightened and
intensified. Because workers aren't in the same place every day, they may be exposed to a
wider range of people and situations. And that can open their eyes and minds to new ideas
and concepts.
However, dismantling the traditional office structure can present other HR challenges.
One of the most serious can be dealing with issues of identity and status. Workers who've
toiled for years to earn a corner office suddenly can find themselves thrown into a
universal work pod. Likewise, photographs and other personal items often must disappear
as workspace is shared. But solutions do exist. For instance, when IBM went mobile, top
executives led by example. They immediately cleared out their desks and began plugging in
at common work pods.
Not surprisingly, one of the most difficult elements in creating a virtual office is
dealing with this human side of the equation. The human factor can send shock waves
reverberating through even the most sober organization.
This challenge requires HR to become a active business partner. That means working with
other departments, such as real estate, finance and information technology. It means
creating the tools to make a virtual office work. In some cases, that may require HR to
completely rewrite a benefits package to include a $500 or $1,000-a-month pay for those
working at home. That way, the company saves money on real-estate and relocation costs,
while the employee receives an incentive that can be used to furnish a home office.
Management also must change the way supervisors evaluate their workers. Managers easily
can fall into the trap of thinking that only face-to-face interaction is meaningful and
may pass over mobile workers for promotions. Great Plains has gone to great lengths to
ensure that its performance-evaluation system functions in a virtual environment. The
company asks its managers to conduct informal reviews quarterly with telecommuting
employees, and formal reviews every six months. By increasing the interaction and
discussion, the company has eliminated much of the anxiety for employees-and their
managers-while providing a better gauge of performance. In the final analysis, the system
no longer measures good citizenship and attendance, but how much work people actually get
done and how well they do it.
Still, many experts point out that too much reliance on voicemail and E-mail can present
problems. Although instantaneous messaging is convenient and efficient, it can overload
virtual workers with too much information and not enough substance. Without some human
interaction it's impossible to build relationships and a sense of trust within an
organization. Sending workers offsite can boost productivity, while saving costs.
Those who have embraced the virtual office say that it's a concept that works. At
Pacific Bell, which began experimenting with telecommuting during the 1984 Summer
Olympics in Los Angeles, employees routinely have reported 100% increases in
productivity. Equally important: this fits into family and flexibility issues and that
they enjoy working for the company more than ever before.
Although the final results aren't yet in, IBM's mobile work force reports a 10% boost in
morale and appears to be processing more work, more efficiently. What's more, its
customers have so far reported highly favorable results. People are happier and more
productive because they can have breakfast with their family before they go off to client
meetings. They can go home and watch their child's soccer game and then do work in the
evening. They no longer are bound by a nine-to-five schedule. The only criterion is that
they meet results.
Society is on the frontier of a fundamental change in the way the workplace is viewed
and how work is handled. In the future, it will become increasingly difficult for
traditional companies to compete against those embracing the virtual office. Companies
that embrace the concept are sending out a loud message. They're making it clear that
they're interested in their employees' welfare, that they're seeking a competitive edge,
and that they aren't afraid to rethink their work force for changing conditions. Those
are the ingredients for future success.
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