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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian born during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one of the trailblazers
of modern-day psychology. The american historiam william johnston sees freud, the father
of psychoanalysis, among those personalities "that one made austria a shining example of
modernism in a world that had lost orientation."
In his function as a neuropathologist freud came to realize that he had no clear
understanding of neurotic patterns despite his throrough studies of the human brain.
From 1895 onwards he associated intensely with the Viennese internist Josef Breuer. Both
discovered that hypnosis removed neurotic symptons. The case of patient Anna O. became
famous.
By applying this method, Freud came to understand the correlation between emotional
disorders and the formation of mental (at that time mainly hysterical) symptoms. Through
hypnosis as a method of "mental catharsis" the patient recalls and relives repressed
traumatic situations and is eventually relieved and healed. Freud was now convinced that
functional diseases had a mental cause. In the following he discovered how mental
energies may casue physical symptoms.
After breaking with Breuer Freid found out that the abnormal emotional state of neurotics
was almost invariably associated with conflicts involving the sexual impulse. Based on
these findings he develoepd his theory on repression and defense as well as the sexual
aspect of neurotic behaviour.
Freud was unjustly blamed with "pansexualism". His theories created a storm in meical
circles and were often and heavily rejected. However, what Freud had theoretically
taught most of his life was rather a "dialectic of the sexual impulse" than its
omnipotence. After breaking with Breuer Freud carried on his research work alone.
Instead of hypnosis he applied the method of "free association" with his patients and
soon recognized the traumtic impact of early sexual experience during childhood,
seducations on the part of adults, above all the parents.
In 1877, suffering from his own neurotic crisis, Freud discovered in a brave
self-analysis that patients' fantasies and wishful thinking rather than real experiences
play an unconscious role in the onset of neuroses. Freud's findings broke new ground in
often misinterpreted areas like infantile sexuality and led to a completely new and
expanded understanding of sexuality. His epochal achievement was to help prove the
existence of the psyche as an independent system. In "Traumdeutung"/"The interpretation
of dreams" published in 1900, freud inveiled the dream as a disguised fulfillment of
repressed wishes. Within the European culture and civilization was a sensational
dsclosure of Freud's (sometimes also personal) fight for self-realization and truth.
With his thoughts, Frued not only influenced psychology but also modern time's conception
ofthe world. His principles advanced the technique of psychoanalysis, with himself as
his first patient. He was successful in overcoming inhibitions as to the logic of his
own throughs as well as to the general prudery of his time. Without blaming other people
he succeeded in finding clear solutions for any human problems with the help of
psychoanalysis. According to his motto "where id was ego will develop" he succeeded in
creating harmony in the individual person - the precondition for a reatively free life.
According to Freud, failing to achieve self-awareness was not so much caused by the
natural impulses as by the bad conscience accumulated. Sigmund Freud was also a great
critic of many parameteres of Europe's cultural traditions. He himself never saw
psychoanalysis as a dogmatic but rather as a empirici method. Freud was always open for
new insights and theoretcal explanations for mental processes.
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