Protecting the Computer from Computer Criminals
Computers are used to track reservations for the airline industry, process billions of
dollars for banks, manufacture products for industry, and conduct major transactions for
businesses because more and more people now have computers at home and at the office.
People commit computer crimes because of society's declining ethical standards
more than any economic need. According to experts, gender is the only bias. The profile
of today's non-professional thieves crosses all races, age groups and economic strata.
Computer criminals tend to be relatively honest and in a position of trust: few would do
anything to harm another human, and most do not consider their crime to be truly
dishonest. Most are males: women have tended to be accomplices, though of late they are
becoming more aggressive. Computer Criminals tend to usually be "between the ages of
14-30, they are usually bright, eager, highly motivated, adventuresome, and willing to
accept technical challenges."(Shannon, 16:2)
"It is tempting to liken computer criminals to other criminals, ascribing characteristics
somehow different from
'normal' individuals, but that is not the case."(Sharp, 18:3) It is believed that the
computer criminal "often marches to the same drum as the potential victim but follows and
unanticipated path."(Blumenthal, 1:2) There is no actual profile of a computer criminal
because they range from young teens to elders, from black to white, from short to tall.
Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and
misusers of computers have expanded into new areas. "When computers were first
introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of white-collar
crime committed inside a computer system."(2600:Summer 92,p.13)
Some new terms have been added to the computer criminal vocabulary. "Trojan
Horse is a hidden code put into a computer program. Logic bombs are implanted so that
the perpetrator doesn't have to physically present himself or herself." (Phrack 12,p.43)
Another form of a hidden code is "salamis." It came from the big salami loaves sold in
delis years ago. Often people would take small portions of bites that were taken out of
them and then they were secretly returned to the shelves in the hopes that no one would
notice them missing.(Phrack 12,p.44)
Congress has been reacting to the outbreak of computer crimes. "The U.S. House
of Judiciary Committee approved a bipartisan computer crime bill that was expanded to
make it a federal crime to hack into credit and other data bases protected by federal
privacy statutes."(Markoff, B 13:1) This bill is generally creating several categories
of federal misdemeanor felonies for unauthorized access to computers to obtain money,
goods or services or classified information. This also applies to computers used by the
federal government or used in interstate of foreign commerce which would cover any system
accessed by interstate telecommunication systems.
"Computer crime often requires more sophistications than people realize
it."(Sullivan, 40:4) Many U.S. businesses have ended up in bankruptcy court unaware
that they have been victimized by disgruntled employees. American businesses wishes that
the computer security nightmare would vanish like a fairy tale. Information processing
has grown into a gigantic industry. "It accounted for $33 billion in services in 1983,
and in 1988 it was accounted to be $88 billion." (Blumenthal, B 1:2)
All this information is vulnerable to greedy employees, nosy-teenagers and
general carelessness, yet no one knows whether the sea of computer crimes is "only as big
as the Gulf of Mexico or as huge as the North Atlantic." (Blumenthal,B 1:2)
Vulnerability is likely to increase in the future. And by the turn of the century,
"nearly all of the software to run computers will be bought from vendors rather than
developed in houses, standardized software will make theft easier." (Carley, A 1:1)
A two-year secret service investigation code-named Operation Sun-Devil, targeted
companies all over the United States and led to numerous seizures. Critics of Operation
Sun-Devil claim that the Secret Service and the FBI, which have almost a similar
operation, have conducted unreasonable search and seizures, they disrupted the lives and
livelihoods of many people, and generally conducted themselves in an unconstitutional
manner. "My whole life changed because of that operation. They charged me and I had to
take them to court. I have to thank 2600 and Emmanuel Goldstein for publishing my story.
I owe a lot to the fellow hackers and fellow hackers and the Electronic Frontier
Foundation for coming up with the blunt of the legal fees so we could fight for our
rights." (Interview with Steve Jackson, fellow hacker, who was charged in operation Sun
Devil) The case of Steve Jackson Games vs. Secret Service has yet to come to a verdict
yet but should very soon. The secret service seized all of Steve Jackson's com
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