Our Radiant Planet: Depletion of the Ozone Layer
Ozone is a relatively unstable form of molecular oxygen containing three oxygen atoms
produced when upper-atmosphere oxygen molecules are split by ultra violet light.
Stratospheric ozone is found in a broad band, extending generally from 15 to 35km above
the earth. Although the ozone layer is surprisingly thin, it acts as a protective shield
to the earth, as it filters out most of the harmful solar ultraviolet radiation (in
particular UV-B) that would otherwise reach our planets surface.
Humans have damaged the ozone layer by adding molecules containing chlorine and/or
bromine that lead to ozone destruction. The largest group among these are
chloroflurocarbons (CFC's). At ground level, these molecules are very stable and have
many uses in industrial and domestic applications, such as in spray cans, industrial
solvents, degreasing compounds, and cooling in fridges. However when released into the
stratosphere, such molecules can be broken down by energetic light rays (UV-C radiation)
in a reaction that liberates an atom of chlorine, which destroys ozone by oxidising with
the Ozone molecules, forming Cl-O and Oxygen. One atom of chlorine can destroy 10,000
ozone molecules! Atoms containing bromine, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen oxide radicals are
also primarily dangerous.
As a result, the Ozone in the stratosphere has been reduced to such an extent that ozone
holes are appearing around the globe, in particular one over Antarctica that in 1995
measured 8.2 million square miles. This depletion has allowed more dangerous UV-B
radiation to reach the earths surface.
So what effects will ozone depletion have on us? Although, at present, the ozone layer
blocks out most of the damaging UVB radiation received from the Sun, a small amount slips
by, damaging out skin in the form of sunburns and suntans. UVB radiation is strongly
absorbed in the skin and in the outer layers of the eye. Human skin has developed various
defence mechanisms against the damaging effects of UV radiation. The skin adapts to
increased UV exposure by thickening its outer layer and by developing pigmentation that
serves to shade the more vulnerable and deeper residing dividing cells. Overly damaged
cells will normally self destruct through a process called apoptosis, and if this fails,
the immune system should get rid of any resulting aberrant cells. It is when these
natural safeguards fail or are overcome by UVB that real trouble can ensue.
The most well known impacts on human health from exposure to UV radiation are skin aging,
sunburning and skin cancer, although recent research has expanded the list to include eye
damage such as cataracts and the suppression of the body's immunes system to both
infectious disease and chemical sensitivities.
Sunburning is caused by UVB exposure. It causes a reddening of the skin and over time
can cause a dramatic aging effect on the skin.
The three types of skin cancers induced by UV radiation are basal cell, squamous cell and
melanoma. Basal cells and squamous cell cancers, also called non-melanomas are caused by
UVB irradiation, and account for 93% of skin cancers. They can be easily removed and are
rarely fatal. The rarest cancer caused by UVB is melanoma and is the most deadly. It
spreads quickly to the blood, lymphatic system and other organs.
The damage caused by UV radiation to the eyes ranges from acute sunblindness to chronic
damage such as cataracts and eye tumours. The principal form of chronic damage linked
to UV radiation is cataracts.
Exposure to UVB has been shown to suppress a portion of the human immune system important
as the skin's defence against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses and chemicals.
The impact of UVB on human disease works in three levels. One is the increase in
activation of viruses, the second is the decrease in the immune system to respond to
viral and bacterial infection, and the third is the decrease in tolerance to chemical
exposure.
So what about the ecosystem? All animals and plants that are exposed to the Sun, though
well shielded by the ozone layer, have developed ways to cope with the UVB radiation the
reaches the earths surface, but again when their tolerance levels are overcome many
species may be clearly limited in their growth.
In addition to these direct growth effects, there may occur more subtle changes such in
plants with delays in flowering and shift in leaf distribution, causing dramatic shifts
in plant populations and in biodiversity. Depletion of plants that serve as a sink for
carbon dioxide could lead to major problems and enhance climate change, and changes in
food web could have a domino effect that could affect mankind.
Similar processes can occur in the marine ecosystem, decreasing populations of
phytoplankton in the worlds oceans. Disruption of the marine food webs will have the same
effect as changes in the terrestrial webs mentioned above.
Ecosystems may be further disturbed by effects of UV radiation on animals, especially in
vulnerable, early stages of life such as larvae or eggs.
Scientific research has only begun to scratch the surface on the impacts of UV-B
radiation, but what is known is cause for concern. Despite the ever increasing list of
negative UVB effects, ozone depleting chemicals are continually released into our
atmosphere. Despite the availability of safer alternatives, technologies which are only
slightly safer than the ones which they replace continue to be promoted. Despite the
wisdom of the global science we still drag our feet. How far will the burning go? It is
already deep into our seas and forests, and deep into our skin. We need to act now, and
protect our planet. Our radiant earth.
Bibliography
The Electric Library
Encarta 95
Ozone Depletion book at http://www.now.edu.au/arts/sts/sberer/h.html
Beder, Sharon The hole story , 6/1992 ISBN Sydney
H.S Johnston, Atmospheric Ozone, Annu.Rev London 1994
J.M Wallace and P.V Hobbs, Atmospheric Science, and introductory survey , Academic Press
USA 1993
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