The gods and goddesses that the Greek people believe in make up the Greek mythology
studied today. These divine characters represent a family living on Mount Olympus who
intervene frequently in the lives of the human characters in Greek plays. They are
omnipresent, for they are always observing mans actions and working through human nature.
The gods are a higher power, and provide explanations for otherwise unexplainable
events. The gods help humans in trouble and give them guidance about the future. The
Olympians influence men on earth both psychologically and physically. In Homer's epic
poem, The Iliad, the intervention of such divine powers as Athena, Apollo, and Zeus play
significant roles in the lives of the characters and the events of the Greek-Trojan War.
Athena plays a very influential role in the Greek-Trojan War. She is the most
constant divine supporter of the Greeks and divine enemy of the Trojans. Athena's
function is to be a goddess of pro-Greek warfare. She came to the aid of the Greeks many
times throughout the war. For instance, Athena came down from the sky to stop Achilleus
from attacking Agamemnon (Willcock). Andre Michalopoulous confirms this action by
quoting what Athena says to Achilles :
I came from heaven to stay thine anger, if perchance though wilt
hearken to me, being sent forth of the white-armed goddess Hera, that
loveth you twain alike and careth for you. Go to now, cense from strife,
and let not thine hand draw the sword.(65)
Achilles listens to Athena's request, and therefore he returns his sword to its
sheath, and withdraws from battle. Athena also assists Achilles in his battle with
Hektor. Malcolm Willcock quotes, "After deceiving Hektor into fighting Achilles,she
comes to his aid by returning his sword to him" (244). This intervention is the
greatest assist of a divine power to a human being in The Iliad.
Athena also plays an influential role in the battles of Diomedes. Martin
Mueller reveals, "Athena is closest to Diomedes. " She is with him at the beginning and
end of his aristeia and she addresses him without disguise" (136). Athena also urges
Diomedes to fight Aphrodite. With this command, she removes the cloud from his eyes
which made him able to see the gods. Furthermore, as Robert Graves states, "She put
fresh strength into his legs and arms," which allowed him to sustain in battle with
Aphrodite (104). Athena instructs Diomedes not to attack any other gods; but, Diomedes
does not take her advice, and fights against Apollo and other gods, which causes Diomedes
to retreat until he is saved by being reunited with Athena. This powerful goddess
assistsd Diomedes greatly as she does the other characters in The Iliad.
Another Greek warrior who is helped by Athena was Pandaros. Athena encourages
him to break the truce with Menelaos , but, as Willcock states, " This does not lessen
his own responsibility for his treachery - He is a fool to be persuaded" (46). Then, she
switches to Menelaos' side, to prevent any serious harm from the arrow that was shot.
Athena protects these warriors as she protects the other Greeks. She usually protects
the characters who were natural winners. Athena supports those who have the potential to
be successful and therefore she assists many of the Greek heroes (Willcock).
In Addition to Athena, Apollo also plays an influental role in the Greek-Trojan
War. Apollo is the most important divine supporter of the Trojans. Willcock tells us,
"He is the archer god who strikes from afar, the god of disease and healing" (4).
Apollo's first intervention occurs after Agamemnon had taken Apollo's priest daughter as
a war prize. Apollo sends a nine day pestilence upon the Greeks. "Pack animals were his
first target, and dogs, / but soldiers, too, soon felt transfixing pain from his hard
shots and pyres burned night and day" (Iliad I. 23-24). Apollo also intervenes in the
Greek-Trojan War to assist the human characters. One of the warriors Apollo assists is
Pandaros. In fact, Apollo is the one who gave Pandaros his bow after he broke the truce
with Menelaos by shooting an arrow at him. But, this passage does not truly refer to the
actual action of Apollo handing Pandaros his bow, but rather that, as Seth Schein
believes, "Pandaros was a specifically good archer" (57). Because he is a good archer,
it is believed that Pandaros is blessed by the god of archery.
Agenor, Hektor's half brother, is another Trojan warrior that Apollo aids.
Agenor is debating on whether or not to run into the city of Troy to save the Trojan
people, because if he does he probably will be caught and killed by Achilles. Finally,
he decides to run into the city and stand and face Achilles. He hit Achilles with a
spear cast, and Achilles begins to fight back. But, before Achilles could do anything,
Apollo intervenes by taking the form of Agenor, and removing him from the battle. Then,
runs away to lure Achilles apart from the rest of the Trojans. Mark Edwards believes
"Because of Apollo's intervention, both Agenor and the Trojans are saved from Achilles'
wrath (290).
An additional god that intervenes in the Greek-Trojan War is Zeus. Zeus is not only the
most powerful god in The Iliad, but he also plays the most influential role of any of the
other gods. As Willcock states, "Zeus is the supreme god without whose will nothing
important happens in the world below" (14). This will, or plan, of Zeus is central to
the plot of The Iliad and plays a decisive role in the main events of the play. Perhaps
the reason Zeus is such an influential god is because he intervenes in both the affairs
of the Greeks and the Trojans. He is a neutral god, who is a "tandom dispenser of good
and evil" throughout the play (Mueller 147). Zeus' neutrality is expressed by Willcock ,
as he states "Zeus, king of the gods, is impartial but knows that Troy is in doom" (283).
Zeus remains neutral throughout the play by coming to the aid of both the Greeks and the
Trojans whenever he deems it necessary.
Zeus assists the Greeks during the war in many ways. One of the ways in which he
comes to the aid of the Greeks is by sending an omen. Agamemnon prays to Zeus that his
army might not perish. In response to his prayer, Zeus sends an eagle as a sign that he
had granted his wish. This prayer is demonstrated as John Scott says :
Just at the moment when the Trojans seemed on the point of victory an
eagle appeared on the left with a live snake in its talons. The
snake kept
striking at the neck and breast of its captor until the eagle was
forced to
drop it and fly away, while the snake fell and squirmed within the
ranks of
the Trojans.(215)
Because of this affirmation, the Greeks rejoice and rally. The Trojans decide that this
is the a sign from Zeus to end the battle, even though it seemed it was going to be a
success for the Trojans. In addition to Agamemnons prayer, Zeus receives a prayer from
Thetis. Thetis, the mother of Achilles prays to Zeus :
Father Zeus, if ever before in word or action I did you favor among immortals, now
grant what I ask for. Now give honor to my son short -
lived beyond all other mortals. So long put strength in the Trojans, until
the Achaians give my son his rights and his honor is increased among
them. (Iliad 256-64)
Zeus decides to grant Thetis' wish and help the Trojan army. This action is an answer to
Thetis' prayer because she wanted the Trojans to start winning battles to bet back at the
Acheans and Agamemnon for dishonoring Achilles by taking his war prize. Therefore,
Thetis is granted the wish that she wanted through the mighty power of Zeus. Answering
the prayers of the Greeks such as Achilles and Thetis is just one of the ways in which
Zeus helps the Greeks. Although Zeus is essentially a neutral god sometimes he shows
favortism to one side or the other. In many instances, he aides and intervenes in the
Greek-Trojan war in favor of the Greeks.
Not only did Zeus assist the Greeks in the Greek-Trojan War, but he also aides the
Trojans. For instance, Zeus is tempted by Hera before the battle that destroys the city
of Troy. In return for this destruction, Hera would give Zeus the cities that she loved
the most - Argos, Sparta, and Mycena. Edwards confirms this temptation as he states :
Before the battle really begins there is a prelude in which Zeus speaks
of his love for Troy and Hera offers to sacrifice her own favorite cities in
return for Troy's destruction; the traditional reasons for her hatred - the
judgement of Paris and Zues' love for the Trojan boy Ganymede are left
unmentioned, perhaps to make her anger more irrational. (128)
Zeus' decision to avoid destructing the city of Troy immensly aggrivates Hera. His
decision also shows that he was protecting the city of Troy, thus helping the Trojans in
the Greek-Trojan War.
Zeus assists the Trojans in another instance by directly intervening in a battle.
Mueller says, "After a general account of indecisive fighting, the turning point in the
second day's battle comes when Zeus intervened on the side of the Trojans (103).
Zeus aids the Trojans by sending down a lightening bolt to make Diomedes, the Greek
warrior, retreat. Because of Diomedes' retreat, Hektor is able to push the Acheans back
on their ships that are now threatened with fire. Zeus gives the Trojans another victory
later in the war when the Greeks and the Trojans begin fighting over Patroklos' body, a
battle arises between the two enemies. At this time, Zeus intervenes in the battle and
once again comes to the Trojans aid. Mueller states, " At length Zeus gives victory to
the Trojans, and in a passage richly studded with similies the poet describes the retreat
of the Acheans, with Meriones and Menelaos carrying the body while the two Aiantes
provide cover" (107). Zeus plays an important part in the victories of the Trojans. He
"inspires terror into the Greeks" (Willcock 98) and enables the Trojans to overcome the
Greeks many times throughout the Greek-Trojan War.
The Greek-Trojan War in The Iliad is not only a War between human characters, but it is
also a battle between divine characters. While the Olympians' immortality separates them
from man and leaves them free from death and suffering, there power brings them closer to
humans because it is constantly being used to either aid or hamper mans progress. These
gods are central to the poem because they are actually responsible for the war's
beginnings, and every event that occurs has been affected by a god in some way. The
gods have the power to control the outcome of the events on earth because man can be
persuaded so easily. Therefore, the divine intervention in the war is frequent and
significant to the war's outcome. The power of the gods such as Athena, Apollo and Zeus
is crucial to the events in The Iliad, for the Greek-Trojan War is a battle between not
only the heroic human warriors, but also the mighty dine gods.
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