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ESSAY SAMPLE ON "CONSCIOUSNESS, THE SELF, AND PERSONALITY THEORY" |
Consciousness, the Self, and Personality Theory
A critical survey of theories of philosophical arguments and modern
psychological personality theories.
This paper will concern itself with some main philosophical arguments and dilemmas and
how they correlate with modern psychological personality theories. This survey will
include dilemmas about the mind and body, the concept of the self, and inner and outer
reality. Also, it will discuss six personality theorists and their scientific and
philosophical developments.
Psychology, science, and philosophy are interconnected and rooted within each other. In
the book Metapsychology, the author, Sam Rakover, states that "Scientific knowledge grows
and changes with time, and all three of the subsystems of science-the philosophical, the
theoretical, and the experimental-are constantly developing" (Rakover 7). These
developments are systematic processes. Psychology must engage in pursuit of explanation
and causality. As well as how the mind interacts with the body. Gathering information,
drawing conclusions and finding valid theories; as well as understanding biological and
social problems, constitute psychology's philosophical background.
The concept of the self is a large factor in the study of personality as well as
philosophy. The self, generally speaking, includes subjective experience and conscious
awareness. In the book Philosophy of Mind the author speaks about self-consciousness,
"...the possession of the concept of the self and the ability to use this concept in
thinking about oneself" (Guttenplan, 213). This unique quality of human beings allows
for the question of thoughts, beliefs, desires, emotions, intentions, memories; along
with the responsibility of these qualities, makes us truly unique. The problem with this
way of thinking is that it leads to us thinking we are more than our bodies. That a
person is something more that just the physical body. Another problem with our supposed
uniqueness is that we 'seem' to have a will, drive, and intention. Samuel Guttenplan
continues by saying "persons are self-motivated beings with a considerable degree of
autonomy over and above a material body" (Guttenplan 214). This led Renee Descartes to
postulate that the only thing he couldn't doubt was his thinking existence, that there is
a soul a non-material part of human beings that couldn't be denied. Since our bodies
don't make decisions the self must have more than a human body. The pure ego.
David Hume had a different idea about the self in relation to experience. In a book of
readings called Self and World, Hume is quoted as saying "The idea of the self as an
entity that owns experiences should be replaced with the idea of the sum of those
experiences themselves" (Olgilvy. 107). One can not know about oneself without
experience to show it. He believed that nothing about the self could be concluded
without experiential content. The identity of a person is successive perceptions. The
self is not any one impression. He is quoted in the book of readings as saying "memory
does not so much produce as discover personal identity, to give reason why we can thus
extend our identity beyond our memory" (Olgilvy 108). He, however held the Cartesian way
of thinking that mental items are the objects of thought in an interior realm. This view
invites the inner observer to witness these.
Immanuel Kant, in the same book of readings expanded on Hume's ideas, he wanted a
differentiation between objectivity and subjectivity attempting to prove that "...there
are certain concepts whose application within experience is presupposed by the very
possibility of experience" (Olgilvy 144). It is the judgments that must conform to
self-consciousness. There is room within experience for the thought of experience.
John Locke's view includes a more temporal idea. The idea that "the sameness of a
rational be
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