Aspirin
Aspirin is a white crystalline substance made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is
used in the treatment of rheumatic fever, headaches, neuralgia, colds, and arthritis;
reduce temperature and pain. The formula for aspirin is CH3CO2C6H4CO2H. Aspirin's
scientific name is actylsalicylic acid (ASA). The main ingredient in ASA is salicylic
acid. This ingredient grows in small roots, leaves, flowers and fruits on plants.
About 100 years ago, a German chemist, Felix Hoffmann, set out to find a drug that would
ease his father's arthritis without causing severe stomach irritation that came from
sodium salicylate, the standard anti-arthritis treatment of the time. Hoffmann figured
that the acidity of the salicylate made it hard on the stomach's lining. He began
looking for a less acidic formulation. His search led him to the synthesization of
acetylsalicylic acid. The compound shared the therapeutic properties of other
salicylates, but caused less stomach irritation. ASA reduced fever, relieved moderate
pain, and, at higher doses, alleviated rheumatic fever and arthritic conditions.
Though Hoffmann was confident that ASA would prove more affective than other salicylates,
but his superiors incorrectly stated that ASA weakens the heart and that physicians would
not subscribe it. Hoffmann's employer, Friedrich Bayer and Company, gave ASA its now
famous name, aspirin.
It is not yet fully known how aspirin works, but most authorities agree that it achieves
some of its effects by hindering the flow of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are
hormone-like substances that influence the elasticity of blood vessels. John Vane, Ph.
D., noted that many forms of tissue injury were followed by the release of
prostaglandins. It was proved that prostaglndins caused redness and fever, common signs
of inflammation. Vane's research showed that by blocking the flow of prostaglandins,
aspirin prevented blood from aggregating and forming blood clots.
Aspirin can be used for the temporary relief of headaches, painful discomfort and fever
from colds, muscular aches and pains, and temporary relief to minor pains of arthritis,
toothaches, and menstrual pain. Aspirin should not be used in patients who have an
allergic reaction to aspirin and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
The usual adult dosage for adults and children over the age of 12 is one or two tablets
with water. This may be repeated every 4 hours as necessary up to 12 tablets a day or as
directed by your doctor. You should not give aspirin to children under the age of 12.
An overdose of 200 to 500 mg/kg is in the fatal range. Early symptoms of overdose are
vomiting, hypernea, hyperactivity, and convulsions. This progresses quickly to
depression, coma, respiratory failure and collapse. In case of an overdose, intensive
supportive therapy should be instituted immediately. Plasma salicylates levels should be
measured in order to determine the severity of the poisoning and to provide a guide for
therapy. Emptying the stomach should be accomplished as soon as possible.
Children and teenagers should not use aspirin for chicken pox or flu symptoms before a
doctor is consulted. You should not take this product if you are allergies to aspirin,
have asthma, stomach problems that reoccur, gastric ulcers or bleeding problems unless
directed by a doctor. Aspirin should be kept out of reach of children. In case of an
overdose, you should seek professional assistance or contact a poison control center
immediately. If you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health
professional before taking aspirin.
Since the discovery of aspirin, it has been proved to prevent or protect against
recurrent strokes, throat cancer, breast cancer, coon cancer, and reduce the effects of
heart attacks and strokes. A heart attack occurs when the is a blockage of blood flow to
the heart muscle. Without adequate blood supply, the affected area of muscle dies and
the heart's pumping action is either impaired or stopped altogether. When aspirin is
taken, it thins the blood, allowing it to pass trough the thinner than usual blood
vessels. Studies show that people who take an aspirin on a daily basis have a reduced
risk of heart attack or stroke.
Though aspirin is taken for granted, it is a product that over a process of many years,
evolved from willow bark into the acetylsalicylic acid that we take form symptoms ranging
from the common cold to heart attacks.
In the top diagram on the next page, the Kolbe Synthesis is shown. It shows how
salicylic acid is produced. The middle diagram shows the process that turns salicylic
acid into acetylsalicylic acid. In the 3-D model of aspirin, the gray atoms are carbon,
the white atoms are hydrogen, and the red atoms are oxygen.
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